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The BTM industry surged during the pandemic: The number of installed units increased more than five-fold over four years to about 31,100 units nationwide, according to Coin ATM Radar. But a closer look into the BTM boom revealed that the machines are often disproportionately located in areas with a majority of Black and Latino residents, charging fees as high as 22% per transaction.
Wrosenb2 CC BY-SA 4.0 |
A Bloomberg review of Bitcoin Depot locations and data from the Census Bureau shows that states with proportionally large Black and Latino populations tend to have more of the company’s BTMs, especially in southern states like Georgia and Texas. Bitcoin Depot President and Chief Executive Officer Brandon Mintz dismissed any suggestion that the company targeted areas with underrepresented groups in deciding where to place its machines.But clearly there is something different about the populations of these areas:
“Never in our history have we once targeted an area based on any sort of racial profile,” Mintz told Bloomberg News. “Our focus is targeting areas that have low competition and that have populations that can support a Bitcoin ATM profitably.”
In Alabama, the concentration of Black and Latino residents within a mile radius of Bitcoin Depot BTMs is 20 percentage points higher than the broader state average, per a Bloomberg analysis of location data and the 2022 American Consumer Survey. In Dallas, BTMs are consistently located in areas where the highest percentages of Black and Latino people live.Among the mantras the crypto-bros never tire of repeating is that they are "banking the unbanked" and promoting "financial inclusion":
Proponents of cryptocurrency often tout the asset as a way to reach unbanked people, who lack a more traditional bank account. In the US, that comprised 6% of adults in 2022, per the Federal Reserve. Black and Hispanic people were more likely to be more unbanked than their White counterparts.The BTM operators are no exception:
Bitcoin Depot, the largest US operator with about 7,300 BTMs as of April 8, charges some of the highest fees in the industry while touting financial inclusion, a concept that ensures that all customers, regardless of their socioeconomic standing, have access to such financial services as savings, credit and insurance. Over 80% of Bitcoin Depot’s customers earn less than $80,000 a year, according to a November 2023 investor presentation from the company.I am a bit baffled as to how HODL-ing Bitcoin would provide "access to such financial services as savings, credit and insurance". I don't think Equifax and Trans-Union pay attention to your pseudonymous HODL-ings. And there is the matter of the fees the BTM operators charge for providing this access:
Mintz, the Bitcoin Depot CEO, said the percentage of a transaction the Atlanta-based company retains as its fees is typically in the “low twenties,” but would not provide a bottom or top boundary. “Nothing’s definitive, it just depends on the market and what we need to do to cover our expenses,” Mintz said. The company also charges a flat $3 fee on every transactionHow do the BTMs end up in locations near people lacking "financial inclusion"?
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CoinFlip and Bitstop, Bitcoin Depot’s main rivals, charge transaction fees as high as 22%, depending on the location, according to company representatives and customer service agents. CoinFlip also charges a “network fee” of $2.49 on every transaction.
One restaurant owner in Essex, Maryland, who declined to give his name, said Bitcoin Depot paid $145 a month for the kiosk that was installed a month ago. Another store owner in New Jersey, who identified himself only as Jai, said his store received $200 a month for the kiosk, also operated by Bitcoin Depot.$145/month at 22% would be the fees on $660/month in transactions, and $200/month would be the fees on $909/month, which puts a floor on the business these BTMs do. It is likely much higher.
The majority of BTMs — 92% of machines in the US, as indexed by Coin ATM Radar — don’t allow users to sell their crypto in exchange for cash.These machines are the Roach Motels of banking, your cash can check in but it can't check out. The question in my mind is:
What kind of customer needs to pay 22% plus $3 for "access to ... financial services" which won't let you cash out?Clearly, someone who cannot use conventional banks which, even if they do charge fees, will let you take money out. Two kinds of customers come immediately to mind:
It seems the driver thought that it was OK to drive home with a blood alcohol level of 0.26 because he believed Musk's hype that Fake Self Driving would handle it despite having to repeatedly override it on the way out.Now, the team's Faiz Siddiqui and Trisha Thadani are out with In 2018 crash, Tesla’s Autopilot just followed the lane lines. Below the fold I look into what it reveals about Autopilot.
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The case involves a fatal crash in March 2018, when a Tesla in Autopilot careened into a highway barrier near Mountain View, Calif., after getting confused by what the company’s lawyers described in court documents as a “faded and nearly obliterated” lane line.Musk's and Tesla's marketing hype conflict with the deposition:
The driver, Walter Huang, 38, was killed. An investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board later cited Tesla’s failure to limit the use of Autopilot in such conditions as a contributing factor: The company has acknowledged to National Transportation Safety Board that Autopilot is designed for areas with “clear lane markings.”
Under oath, however, Tesla engineer Akshay Phatak last year described the software as fairly basic in at least one respect: the way it steers on its own.
“If there are clearly marked lane lines, the system will follow the lane lines,” Phatak said under questioning in July 2023. Tesla’s groundbreaking system, he said, was simply “designed” to follow painted lane lines.
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In his deposition, Phatak said Autopilot will work wherever the car’s cameras detect lines on the road: “As long as there are painted lane lines, the system will follow them,” he said.
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Huang, an engineer at Apple, bought his Tesla Model X in fall 2017 and drove it regularly to work along U.S. Highway 101, a crowded multilane freeway that connects San Francisco to the tech hubs of Silicon Valley. On the day of the crash, his car began to drift as a lane line faded. It then picked up a clearer line to the left — putting the car between lanes and on a direct trajectory for a safety barrier separating the highway from an exit onto State Route 85.It has been evident for a long time that just following the lines doesn't live up to the hype:
Huang’s car hit the barrier at 71 mph, pulverizing its front end, twisting it into unrecognizable heap. Huang was pronounced dead hours later, according to court documents.
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In the months preceding the crash, Huang’s vehicle swerved in a similar location eleven times, according to internal Tesla data discussed by Huang’s lawyers during a court hearing last month. According to the data, the car corrected itself seven times. Four other times, it required Huang’s intervention. Huang was allegedly playing a game on his phone when the crash occurred.
For years, Tesla and federal regulators have been aware of problems with Autopilot following lane lines, including cars being guided in the wrong direction of travel and placed in the path of cross-traffic — with sometimes fatal results. Unlike vehicles that are designed to be completely autonomous, like cars from Waymo or Cruise, Teslas do not currently use sensors such as radar or lidar to detect obstacles. Instead, Teslas rely on cameras.As usual, Tesla's response to the crash was to do as little as possible:
After the crash that killed Huang, Tesla told officials that it updated its software to better recognize “poor and faded” lane markings and to audibly alert drivers when vehicles might lose track of a fading lane. The updates stopped short of forcing the feature to disengage on its own in those situations, however. About two years after Huang died, federal investigators said they could not determine whether those updates would have been sufficient to “accurately and consistently detect unusual or worn lane markings” and therefore prevent Huang’s crash.The most important thing for Tesla is never to remind the driver of the limitations of their software because doing so would exacerbate the fall in the stock price, currently down 57% from its peak. As I wrote in Autonomous Vehicles: Trough of Disillusionment:
Elon Musk famously claimed that Tesla is worth zero without Full Self Driving. But although this is typical Musk BS, ... unlike some other utterances it contains a kernel of truth. Tesla is valued as a technology company not a car company. Thus it is critical for Telsa that its technology be viewed as better than those of other car companies; anything that suggests it is limited or inadequate is a big problem not just for the company but also for Musk's personal wealth.Liam Denning describes the problem for Musk if doubts emerge about the AIs driving Teslas:
Tesla is, overwhelmingly, a maker of electric vehicles, combining high growth with high margins — until recently anyway. Deliveries increased by 38% in 2023 — below the company’s long-term target of 50% per year — and the consensus for 2024 implies just 21%. Trailing 12-month net profit as of the third-quarter was actually down, year over year.In The Biggest AI Hype Fraud of All Time Michael Spencer writes:
Yet in the most starry-eyed Wall Street financial models, the making and selling of vehicles — generating 92% of Tesla’s current gross profit — accounts for only a fraction of Tesla’s purported valuation. The rest relates to whatever Tesla’s next big thing might turn out to be, usually something related to artificial intelligence, be it robotaxis, licensed self-driving systems, the Optimus humanoid robot or just something else that might spring from the company’s Dojo supercomputing project.
Amorphous as the narrative may be, remove it and the tenuous tether between Tesla’s valuation and something approximating a potential future reality evaporates entirely.
Tesla's FSD costs have tripled since 2019, costing more than $15,000 in the United States. This pumped up, fraudulently, Tesla’s margins on selling vehicles, however Elon Musk’s promises did not come to fruition after many deadlines have passed.Spencer notes that "desperation at Tesla is very noticeable in 2024":
In a push for end-of-quarter sales, Musk recently mandated that all sales and service staff install and demo FSD for customers before handing over the keys.He focuses on Musk's pivot to x.AI:
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In a recent April 5th Tweet on X, Elon Musk says full level 5 FSD is coming in August, 2024. Tesla’s stock so far in 2024 is down 33%.
The myth that Tesla is a technology or AI company has been very crucial in the false promise marketing around the brand. Elon Musk’s weird response to this failure in 2024 is to poach AI talent from his Tesla to his own x.AI company.Maintaining the illusion of superior technology requires leaps of logic:
This is because x.AI plans to do a huge $3 Billion funding round that would value the AI startup at $18 Billion. This is all more or less breaking news.
The problem is AI frauds have a habit of big declines. Elon Musk may have to make his SpaceX company, valued at around $180 billion as of early 2024, go public with an IPO to raise the funds needed to support his X Corp empire.
Since 2017, officials with NTSB have urged Tesla to limit Autopilot use to highways without cross traffic, the areas for which the company’s user manuals specify Autopilot is intended. Asked by an attorney for Huang’s family if Tesla “has decided it’s not going to do anything” on that recommendation, Phatak argued that Tesla was already following the NTSB’s guidance by limiting Autopilot use to roads that have lane lines.Note how, in Tesla's world, any "roads that have lane lines" are "highways without cross traffic", and that Tesla is not limiting Autopilot's use but asking their customers to limit its use. A significant difference. And Musk's reality distortion field is in full effect:
When asked whether Autopilot would use GPS or other mapping systems to ensure a road was suitable for the technology, Phatak said it would not. “It’s not map based,” he said — an answer that diverged from Musk’s statement in a 2016 conference call with reporters that Tesla could turn to GPS as a backup “when the road markings may disappear.” In an audio recording of the call cited by Huang family attorneys, Musk said the cars could rely on satellite navigation “for a few seconds” while searching for lane lines.This casual attitude to operating in the real world is typical of Tesla:
Phatak’s testimony also shed light on other driver-assist design choices, such as Tesla’s decision to monitor driver attention through sensors that gauge pressure on the steering wheel. Asked repeatedly by the Huang family’s lawyer what tests or studies Tesla performed to ensure the effectiveness of this method, Phatak said it simply tested it with employees.Given Musk's notorious hair-trigger firings in response to disagreement, testing with employees is pretty much guaranteed to discover that the system performs almost perfectly.
Tesla’s heavy reliance on lane lines reflects the broader lack of redundancy within its systems when compared to rivals. The Post has previously reported that Tesla’s decision to omit radar from newer models, at Musk’s behest, culminated in an uptick in crashes.Whereas other companies behave responsibly:
Other Tesla design decisions have differed from competitors pursuing autonomous vehicles. For one thing, Tesla sells its systems to consumers, while other companies tend to deploy their own fleets as taxis. It also employs a unique, camera-based system and places fewer limits on where the software can be engaged. For example, a spokesperson for Waymo, the Alphabet-owned self-driving car company, said its vehicles operate only in areas that have been rigorously mapped and where the cars have been tested in conditions including fog and rain, a process known as “geo-fencing.”So that's all there is to Autopilot. No radar, no lidar, no GPS, no map, no geofencing, no proper driver monitoring. It just uses the camera to follow the lines. It doesn't disengage if it can't see the lines, it just keeps going. So much for Tesla's vaunted AI capabilities! I wonder how much more you get for the $15K extra you pay for Fake Self Driving?
“We’ve designed our system knowing that lanes and their markings can change, be temporarily occluded, move, and sometimes, disappear completely,” Waymo spokeswoman Katherine Barna said.
Tweets by language |
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The Nakamoto coefficient is the number of units in a subsystem you need to control 51% of that subsystem.
Subsystem | Bitcoin | Ethereum |
Mining | 5 | 3 |
Client | 1 | 1 |
Developer | 5 | 2 |
Exchange | 5 | 5 |
Node | 3 | 4 |
Owner | 456 | 72 |
IBM Cabling System |
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Wikipedia
Satoshi Nakamoto
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Mining Pools 02/27/23 |
Haseeb Qureshi, Bitcoin's P2P NetworkThere are also fall-back nodes in case of DNS failure encoded in chainparamsseeds.h:
/** * List of fixed seed nodes for the bitcoin network * AUTOGENERATED by contrib/seeds/generate-seeds.py * * Each line contains a BIP155 serialized (networkID, addr, port) tuple. */
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There is no central authority capable of collecting funds from users and distributing them to the miners in proportion to these efforts. Thus miners' reimbursement must be generated organically by the blockchain itself; a permissionless blockchain needs a cryptocurrency to be secure.And thus any successful permissionless network would be subject to the centralizing force of economies of scale.
ETH miners 11/2/20 |
ETH Stakes 05/22/23 |
PROOF-OF-STAKE (POS)
Yueqi Yang, Ether ETF Applications Spur S&P Warning on Concentration Risks
Producers 03/18/24 |
In its solicitations for public comments on the proposed spot Ether ETFs, the SEC asked, “Are there particular features related to ether and its ecosystem, including its proof of stake consensus mechanism and concentration of control or influence by a few individuals or entities, that raise unique concerns about ether’s susceptibility to fraud and manipulation?”
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A bug in Ethereum's Nethermind client software – used by validators of the blockchain to interact with the network – knocked out a chunk of the chain's key operators on Sunday.The fundamental problem is that most layers in the software stack are highly concentrated, starting with the three operating systems. Network effects and economies of sclae apply at every layer. Remember "no-one ever gets fired for buying IBM"? At the Ethereum layer, it is "no-one ever gets fired using Geth" because, if there was ever a big problem with Geth, the blame would be so widely shared.
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Nethermind powers around 8% of the validators that operate Ethereum, and this weekend's bug was critical enough to pull those validators offline. ... the Nethermind incident followed a similar outage earlier in January that impacted Besu, the client software behind around 5% of Ethereum's validators.
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Around 85% of Ethereum's validators are currently powered by Geth, and the recent outages to smaller execution clients have renewed concerns that Geth's dominant market position could pose grave consequences if there were ever issues with its programming.
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Cygaar cited data from the website execution-diversity.info noting that popular crypto exchanges like Coinbase, Binance and Kraken all rely on Geth to run their staking services. "Users who are staked in protocols that run Geth would lose their ETH" in the event of a critical issue," Cygaar wrote.
companies have emerged that sell API access to an ethereum node they run as a service, along with providing analytics, enhanced APIs they’ve built on top of the default ethereum APIs, and access to historical transactions. Which sounds… familiar. At this point, there are basically two companies. Almost all dApps use either Infura or Alchemy in order to interact with the blockchain. In fact, even when you connect a wallet like MetaMask to a dApp, and the dApp interacts with the blockchain via your wallet, MetaMask is just making calls to Infura!Providing a viable user experience when interacting with blockchains is a market with economies of scale and network effects, so it has centralized.
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If a decentralized Web doesn't achieve mass participation, nothing has really changed. If it does, someone will have figured out how to leverage antitrust to enable it. And someone will have designed a technical infrastructure that fit with and built on that discovery, not a technical infrastructure designed to scratch the itches of technologists.I think this is still the situation.
Unless decentralized technologies specifically address the issue of how to avoid increasing returns to scale they will not, of themselves, fix this economic problem. Their increasing returns to scale will drive layering centralized businesses on top of decentralized infrastructure, replicating the problem we face now, just on different infrastructure.
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Every widely used blockchain has a privileged set of entities that can modify the semantics of the blockchain to potentially change past transactions.The "privileged set of entities" must at least include the developers and maintainers of the software, because:
The challenge with using a blockchain is that one has to either (a) accept its immutability and trust that its programmers did not introduce a bug, or (b) permit upgradeable contracts or off-chain code that share the same trust issues as a centralized approach.
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A dense, possibly non-scale-free, subnetwork of Bitcoin nodes appears to be largely responsible for reaching consensus and communicating with miners—the vast majority of nodes do not meaningfully contribute to the health of the network.And second:
Of all Bitcoin traffic, 60% traverses just three ISPs.
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The Ethereum ecosystem has a significant amount of code reuse: 90% of recently deployed Ethereum smart contracts are at least 56% similar to each other.The risk isn't confined to individual ecosystems, it is generic to the entire cryptosphere because, as the chart shows, the code reuse spans across blockchains to such an extent that Ethereum's Geth shares 90% of its code with Bitcoin Core.
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TL;DR: DeFi is neither decentralized, nor very good finance, so regulators should have no qualms about clamping down on it to protect the stability of our financial system and broader economy.DeFi risks and the decentralisation illusion by Sirio Aramonte, Wenqian Huang and Andreas Schrimpf of the Bank for International Settlements similarly conclude:
While the main vision of DeFi’s proponents is intermediation without centralised entities, we argue that some form of centralisation is inevitable. As such, there is a “decentralisation illusion”. First and foremost, centralised governance is needed to take strategic and operational decisions. In addition, some features in DeFi, notably the consensus mechanism, favour a concentration of power.
Protocol | Revenue | Market |
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$M | Share % | |
Lido | 304 | 55.2 |
Uniswap V3 | 55 | 10.0 |
Maker DAO | 48 | 8.7 |
AAVE V3 | 24 | 4.4 |
Top 4 | 78.2 | |
Venus | 18 | 3.3 |
GMX | 14 | 2.5 |
Rari Fuse | 14 | 2.5 |
Rocket Pool | 14 | 2.5 |
Pancake Swap AMM V3 | 13 | 2.4 |
Compound V2 | 13 | 2.4 |
Morpho Aave V2 | 10 | 1.8 |
Goldfinch | 9 | 1.6 |
Aura Finance | 8 | 1.5 |
Yearn Finance | 7 | 1.3 |
Stargate | 5 | 0.9 |
Total | 551 |
Based on the [Herfindahl-Hirschman Index], the most competition exists between decentralized finance exchanges, with the top four venues holding about 54% of total market share. Other categories including decentralized derivatives exchanges, DeFi lenders, and liquid staking, are much less competitive. For example, the top four liquid staking projects hold about 90% of total market share in that category,Based on data on 180 days of revenue of DeFI projects from Shen's article, I compiled this table, showing that the top project, Lido, had 55% of the revenue, the top two had 2/3, and the top four projects had 78%. This is clearly a highly concentrated market, typical of cryptocurrency markets in general.
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That leaves Mastodon with a total of 1.8 million monthly active users at present, an increase of 5% month-over-month and 10,000 servers, up 12%In terms of monthly active users, Twitter claims 528M, Threads claims 130M, Bluesky claims 5.2M and Mastodon claims 1.8M. Note that the only federate-able one with significant market share is owned by the company that owns 3 of the top 4 centralized systems. Facebook claims 3,000M MAU, Instagram claims 2,000M MAU, and WhatsApp claims 2,000M MAU. Thus Threads is about 3% of Facebook alone, so not significant in Meta's overall business. It may be early days yet, but federated social media have a long way to go before they have significant market share.
a ledger agreed upon by consensus of thousands of anonymous entities, none of which can be held responsible or be shut down by some malevolent governmentThis is what the blockchain advocates want you to think, but as Vitalik Buterin, inventor of Ethereum pointed out in The Meaning of Decentralization:
In the case of blockchain protocols, the mathematical and economic reasoning behind the safety of the consensus often relies crucially on the uncoordinated choice model, or the assumption that the game consists of many small actors that make decisions independently. If any one actor gets more than 1/3 of the mining power in a proof of work system, they can gain outsized profits by selfish-mining. However, can we really say that the uncoordinated choice model is realistic when 90% of the Bitcoin network’s mining power is well-coordinated enough to show up together at the same conference?As we have seen, in practice it just isn't true that "the game consists of many small actors that make decisions independently" or "thousands of anonymous entities". Even if you could prove that there were "thousands of anonymous entities", there would be no way to prove that they were making "decisions independently". One of the advantages of decentralization that Buterin claims is:
it is much harder for participants in decentralized systems to collude to act in ways that benefit them at the expense of other participants, whereas the leaderships of corporations and governments collude in ways that benefit themselves but harm less well-coordinated citizens, customers, employees and the general public all the time.But this is only the case if in fact "the game consists of many small actors that make decisions independently" and they are "anonymous entities" so that it is hard for the leader of a conspiracy to find conspirators to recruit via off-chain communication. Alas, the last part isn't true for blockchains like Ethereum that support "smart contracts", as Philip Daian et al's On-Chain Vote Buying and the Rise of Dark DAOs shows that "smart contracts" also provide for untraceable on-chain collusion in which the parties are mutually pseudonymous.